In an article titled "Russian Base Casts Long Shadow on Armenia, Turkey," Armenian intellectual Edmond Y. Azadian described the strategic importance of Russia's military base in Armenia.[1] According to Azadian, although the base may be how Russia maintains its influence in the Caucasus region, it is also a powerful deterrent against any Turkish threat. "To defend its military base, Moscow has to defend Armenia's territory," he stressed.
Azadian argued that Armenia cannot afford to underestimate Turkey's expansionist plans, stressing: "Turkey's involvement in many conflicts defines its behavior pattern. Either it foments a crisis [in order] to intervene, like it did in Syria, or it takes advantage of destabilized regions, like Iraq and Libya, to expand its empire." He added: "Following that logic, we cannot rule out the possibility that Ankara precipitated the recent crisis between Armenia and Azerbaijan to begin implementing one of its long-held dreams."
Below is Azadian's article, as published in the English-language Armenian weekly Mirror Spectator:
(Source: Youtube.com)
Turkey's Intent To Intimidate Armenia Is Plain To See
"The threat of war continues to loom on Armenia's border. The battle in the Tavush region of Armenia was only one episode which may very well be followed by others. The Armenian side is cognizant of the fact that it should not yet rest on its laurels. [2]
"Armenia proved the battle-readiness of its armed forces. But to what extent? President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has characterized Armenia's victory against Azerbaijan as a 'punch well beyond its capacity,'[3] which in strategic terms may be interpreted as the victory by Armenia being the result of tactical assistance from its strategic ally, Russia.
"In today's wars, drones have expanded the surveillance scope of armies. In this particular battle, the Azerbaijani army, which had boasted of its state-of-the-art military hardware, failed to deploy them properly and thus the Armenian side downed 13 of their drones, in addition to inflicting other critical losses.
"Wars now rely more and more on advanced technology both for weapons and surveillance systems, including satellite imaging, which is beyond Armenia's reach. This is where an ally's assistance can make the ultimate difference, and most probably this is what Erdoğan was talking about.
"From July 29 to August 10, the joint forces of Azerbaijan and Turkey are participating in war games on Armenia's borders, as well as in Baku, Ganja, Erlakh and Nakhichevan, in a very demonstrative way, using live ammunition.
"People in Armenia claim to have spotted Turkish warplanes within striking distance of Yerevan. Although the news was refuted by government sources, the intent of the Turkish side to scare Armenia is plain to see.
"Political analyst Hagop Badalyan very stoically advises people in Armenia to learn to live with the Turkish threat of war but not to be intimidated.
"President Ilham Aliyev of Azerbaijan is back to his bellicose mood, after his defeat in Tavush. He has refused out of hand the seven points proposed by Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan[4] and has called on Yerevan to withdraw its armed forces from Karabakh immediately, 'before it's too late.'
"Answering that threat, Armenia's Defense Minister David Tonoyan has asked the rhetorical question as to 'when would it be too late as our armed forces are ready and waiting for the order.'[5]
"While this heated rhetoric is being spouted by all parties, tanks are pulling up on Armenia's borders and warplanes are flying over them, raising the question as to whether Turkey will attack Armenia."
In Order To Defend Its Military Base, Moscow Has To Defend Armenia's Territory
"Russia has taken Turkey's moves very seriously and it has advanced the date of its own war games, which were planned for September. It has been exercising currently on Azerbaijan's borders, with the participation of 150,000 soldiers and nuclear warheads as a direct warning to Turkey's moves.
"On July 28, Defense Minister Tonoyan announced that Armenia's armed forces have been put on high alert and that the Russian-Armenian military contingent is 'continuing consistently to monitor and analyze' Turkish-Azerbaijani military activities 'with all reconnaissance means' at its disposal.
"On the sidelines, however, a diplomatic charade is taking place. Despite its aggressive moves and stern threats, Ankara is trying to camouflage its intentions through diplomatic moves. First, Ibrahim Kalin, President Erdoğan's spokesman, indicated that Turkey is in Nakhichevan to support its ally Azerbaijan and assured the public that Ankara's moves do not intend to harm its relations with Moscow.
"In his turn, President Erdoğan has taken the initiative to call President Vladimir Putin. During their conversation Putin 'has stressed the importance of preventing any steps that could cause an escalation in tensions.'[4]
"Once again, the issue of the Russian military base in Gyumri has become a topic of public discussion. Many anti-Russian politicians underestimate the significance of that base. Analysts like Levon Shirinyan and Armenian Parliament members like Arman Babajanyan and pundits like Varoujan Avetissyan (Sasna Tserer) and Tigran Zmalyan (European Party) are adamantly against the base. They try to suggest that Russia has set that base on Armenian territory 'to enslave us.'
"However, they do not offer any alternative in case Armenia faces an existential threat.
"Granted, the base may be self-serving for Russia to maintain its influence in the Caucasus region. In the meantime, it is a deterrent against any Turkish threat. To defend its military base Moscow has to defend Armenia's territory.
"In politics, there has to be a confluence of interests so that a major power is motivated to defend the weaker power. There is no free lunch.
Armenian Forces Are No Match For Turkey
"In a recent interview, the director of a political and military analytical center in Russia, Alexander Khramchikhin, confirmed the fact that the Russian base in Armenia is intended to contain Turkey: 'If a war breaks out between Armenia and Azerbaijan, I am not sure what position Russia may take,' the analyst stated. 'But if the war takes place in Karabakh, I know for sure that Russia will not intervene. I repeat, the base is there to contain Turkey. The base is part of Russia's geostrategic posture. Therefore, it is meant to stop Turkey, the foreign intruder in the region.'
"Mr. Khramchikhin also believes that Turkey has introduced its forces into Azerbaijan to pressure Armenia psychologically. But he believes that Turkey at this time 'cannot invade Armenia, because it will be stretching its resources too far, as it is mired in many other conflicts.'
"We wished that it were true. Turkey's involvement in many conflicts defines its behavior pattern. Either it foments a crisis to intervene, like it did in Syria, or it takes advantage of destabilized regions, like Iraq and Libya to expand its empire.
"Following that logic, we cannot rule out the possibility that Ankara precipitated the recent crisis between Armenia and Azerbaijan to begin implementing one of its long held dreams.
"Strategically, Armenia is at the mercy of enemy forces; Turkish armed forces are in mainland Azerbaijan and Nakhichevan, which does not have a common border with the mainland, but has a narrow border with Turkey, acquired after a land swap with Iran in 1932.
"Armenian forces are no match for Turkey. Armenia must avoid any direct confrontation with the Turkish army. But Yerevan has other sources that it can use in diplomatic forums.
"Recently, Armenia's representative Armen Babikyan raised the issue in Energy Intelligence, a publication of the International Atomic Agency, of Azerbaijan's threat to bomb its nuclear power plant, Metsamor. On July 27, the issue was discussed at a Vienna conference, which characterized the threat as an act of state terrorism against Armenia.
"Armenia has not weaponized its strongest argument, the fact of genocide. Only after some timid references by Foreign Minister Zohrab Mnatsakanyan did Armenia's Ambassador to Latvia Tigran Mkrtchyan issue a strongly-worded statement that Armenians will not tolerate a second genocide.
"Jews and Israel shout from the rooftops about the Holocaust they have suffered. We can emulate them and try to score some political points.
"What makes everything even worse is that during this current situation, there is polarization in Armenia. Any responsible and rational leadership would seek internal stability, to withstand the threats.
"The opposition and the government are equally responsible for the ongoing divide in Armenia: the first for its irresponsible and destabilizing rhetoric, and the latter for its witch hunt in rounding up perceived enemies.
"Armenia needs calm, de-escalation and unity. That will not be offered by Russia nor any other outside force. It is in the hands of the leadership to steer the county toward calmer waters."
[1] Edmond Y. Azadian is Advisor to the Alex and Marie Manoogian Museum in Detroit, Michigan, Advisor from the Diaspora to the Ministry of Culture in Armenia, and member of the Republic of Armenia's Academy of Sciences. He served as assistant editor of the Armenian daily Zartonk and editor-in-chief of the daily Arev in Cairo, Egypt, and is a leader of the Armenian Democratic Liberal Party. He has authored several books in Armenian and English, including Portraits and Profiles, Observations and Criticisms, and History on the Move; and has edited more than 21 books and published over 1,500 articles, book reviews, and essays in daily newspapers and literary magazines. His latest publication, a bilingual one, is dedicated to the famous Armenian poet, Vahan Tekeyan. He has been associated with the Mirror-Spectator for the last 45 years. Source: Mirrorspectator.com/author/edmond-azadian.
[2] See MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 8886, Armenia-Azerbaijan Tensions – Moscow-Based Expert Krylov: 'The Turkish Military Presence In Azerbaijan Has Become Permanent' And Strives For Constant Expansion; Erdoğan's Policy Aims To Increase Turkey's Influence – From North Africa To China's Borders, August 10, 2020; MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 8875, Russian Military Expert Pavel Felgenhauer: Russia Will Defend Armenia From The Turks; If Necessary, Russia Will Save Armenia With A Nuclear Strike, August 3, 2020; MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 8864, Kommersant Columnist Yusin: Erdogan Is Pouring Kerosene On The Territorial Dispute Between Armenia And Azerbaijan, July 27, 2020; and MEMRI Daily Brief No. 226, Where Will Erdoğan Strike Next?, by Alberto M. Fernandez, August 4, 2020.
[3] On July 14, during a cabinet meeting, Erdoğan stated: "Undoubtedly, this attack is an event that goes beyond Armenia... The aim is to block the process of the solution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict with a provocative approach and to reveal new conflict areas in the region." See Erdoğan condemns Armenia border clash with Azerbaijan, July 14, 2020; Son dakika haberi: Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'dan önemli açıklamalar, Hurriyet.com.tr, July 14, 2020.
[4] On July 23, after the Armenian-Azerbaijani border clashes on July 12-14, Armenian Prime Minister Pashinyan put forward the following seven points:
First: The common security system of Armenia and Artsakh needs to be further strengthened. In this regard, I attach an ultimate importance to our close cooperation with the Republic of Artsakh and bringing a new content to this cooperation proportionate to the existing threat.
Second: The Republic of Artsakh should become a full party of negotiations.
Third: Azerbaijan must publicly renounce the use of force and take credible steps towards refraining from the anti-Armenian rhetoric.
Fourth: The negotiations must be meaningful. Azerbaijan's position that the negotiations are the continuation of war and they should help to address military objectives at the negotiation table undermines the meaning of the whole peace process. Negotiations can be meaningful if Azerbaijan is willing to pull back from its maximalist position and is ready for compromise. The recognition of the right to self-determination of the people of Artsakh without any limitation and the security of the people of Armenia and Artsakh cannot be conceded under any circumstances.
Fifth: In recent days, Azerbaijan has targeted the civilian population and infrastructures of several border settlements in the Tavush region. The countries, supplying weapons to Azerbaijan, must clearly realize that the use of those weapons against the civilian population constitutes a crime. It creates an impression that it is not Azerbaijan that is fighting against the Armenian Armed Forces and civilian population, but rather those international corporations that are supplying high-precision lethal weapons along with their specialists. This thirty-years-long conflict has severely damaged Armenia's borderline settlements and lives of people living thereon and in Artsakh, violating their political, economic, environmental rights, their right to free movement, among others. The approach that these rights can be exercised only after the settlement of the conflict is not acceptable. The needs of people, living in the conflict zone, must be a priority in the peace process.
Sixth: The ceasefire monitoring, that existed before the pandemic, has been in fact very limited. It is necessary to introduce effective international monitoring, which would be permanent and would have verification mechanisms in place to identify the side who committed ceasefire violations. Such monitoring activities can be implemented by the Office of the Personal Representative of the OSCE Chairman-in-Office, which accumulated years of experience in the region and can ensure the permanent presence of the OSCE observers along the state border and the line of contact.
The direct line between the militaries on the ground is an effective tool for preventing and responding to incidents.
Seventh: Armenia will continue working with the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs toward the peaceful settlement of the conflict. We have decisively rejected and will continue to reject Turkey's attempts to destabilize the region through the manipulation of this conflict. See Primeminister.am/en/statements-and-messages/item/2020/07/23/Cabinet-meeting-Speech.
[5] Armenian defense minister Davit Tonoyan commented on the statement of Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev, who said: "Liberate our territories before it's too late." Armenian defense minister spokesperson Shushan Stepanyan posted a video on Facebook in which the defense minister asks when "too late" is; stating: "First of all, given the fact that our Prime Minister, the President of Artsakh are always making peaceful statements, always call for continuing the negotiations, we cannot understand such statements [i.e. by the Azerbaijani president]. As defense minister, I would like to understand when this 'too late' is." He added that such statements are typical also of the Azerbaijani military leadership, saying: "Their military leadership states that they are ready to start military operations, they are just waiting for an order. Firstly, it's not as if we are not waiting for such an order. Secondly, the military operations in Tavush were vivid evidence of the fact that the adversary, despite using latest equipment, has failed in a short period of time, suffering numerous losses." Armenpress.am, July 31, 2020.
[6] See En.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/63758.
